Clicks vs. Bricks: Toward a Model of Internet-Induced Channel Competition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The overall objective of this program of research is to develop a model of Internet-induced channel competition. In this paper, we focus on the ways in which retail channel technology—specifically, the online vs. bricks and mortar stores—affects the feasible trade-offs that firms can make between price and desirable attributes of their product/service bundles. This paper treats products as a bundle of the physical good and the fulfillment or transaction technology, and proposes a model of competition in the price-attribute space to illustrate the tradeoffs for consumers and producers. This model is grounded in demand, production, and hedonic theory, and relates the attributes (or “quality”) of products to their observed prices. Our objectives in future research are to refine the analytical model and to find evidence that (1) the functional forms assumed in the model are consistent with the price/attribute trade-offs observed in practice and (2) the observed competitive responses of firms dominated by online competitors are consistent with those prescribed by our model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".