Reproducibility of interictal EEG-fMRI results in patients with epilepsy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Combined electroencephalography (EEG) and functional MRI (EEG-fMRI) can be useful in the evaluation of epilepsy patients. The reproducibility of EEG-fMRI findings needs to be established to consider it as a clinically valuable method. We addressed the intrasubject reproducibility of EEG-fMRI and the possible superiority of higher magnetic field strength in patients who were scanned twice. METHODS: Fifteen patients were studied: Seven had one 1.5T and one 3T scan and eight had two 3T EEG-fMRI studies. Equal numbers of events of the same interictal epileptic discharge (IED) were included, and IED-related blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) results were compared. KEY FINDINGS: In 1.5T-3T comparisons, five patients had BOLD responses in both studies, but in four there was a better response (higher maximum t-score and larger cluster) in 3T studies. One patient had a BOLD response in the 3T study only. The remaining patient had no BOLD response in either study. In 3T-3T comparisons, results were reproducible in five of eight patients, and one patient had no response in both studies. The two remaining patients had previous extensive surgery and extremely frequent IEDs. Some of the reproduced patterns in other patients, however, differed in terms of maximum t-score and cluster size. SIGNIFICANCE: EEG-fMRI appears to provide reasonable reproducibility, although repeated studies may show differences. The absence of BOLD response seems to be reproducible as well. EEG-fMRI results tend to benefit from higher field scanners (3T over 1.5T). Further studies are needed to determine if reproducibility depends on specific clinical, electrographic, or anatomic findings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.038 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".