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Record W1585518369

Don't Forget What We're Fighting For:Will the Fourth Amendment Be aCasualty of the War on Terror?

2002· article· en· W1585518369 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Heath H. Galloway

Bibliographic record

VenueWashington and Lee law review · 2002
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicTorture, Ethics, and Law
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsLawTerrorismNothingAdversaryWorld trade centerPolitical scienceSociology
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Table of Contents I. Introduction The terrorist enemy that threatens civilization today is unlike any we have ever known . . . . [Terrorists] enjoy the benefits of our free society even as they commit themselves to our destruction. They exploit our openness -- not randomly or haphazardly - but by deliberate, premeditated design. . . . [Me are at war with an enemy who abuses individual rights as it abuses jet airliners: as weapons with which to kill Americans.1 The greatest dangers to liberty huk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without undertanding.2 At 8:45 in the morning on September 11, 2001 (9-11), American Airlines Flight 11 slammed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City.3 Twenty minutes later, as live television cameras rolled and stunned New Yorkers gazed up in disbelief, a second plane, United Airlines Flight 175, banked left and ripped through the World Trade Center's North Tower.4 Barely forty minutes after these devastating explosions that ultimately would topple the preeminent icon of America's economic dominance, a third civilian jetliner, American Airlines Flight 77, barreled into the United States' military headquarters at the Pentagon.5 In just over an hour, terrorists crippled two of the most important symbols of American society and took the lives of nearly 3,000 people;6 on 9-11 the horrible reality of modern terrorism found a global television audience. With nothing more imposing than box cutters,7 nineteen single-minded zealots realized what now seem disturbingly prophetic words: [T]he technology of transportation about the planet has advanced to a point where it has become increasingly easy to plan and implement highly destructive terrorist actions in the territory of another state.8 Now, the dust and smoke that lingered for so long over lower Manhattan has cleared and workers have mended the gaping wound in the Pentagon, yet the true breadth of the attacks' impact on the United States is only just coming to light. For more than two centuries, the United States has stood as a nation of carefully counterbalanced laws and freedoms. However, the tragic events of 9-11 have threatened the very nature of American society and forced our nation to reset the scales and to reevaluate just how free we can afford to be. The United States government responded quickly to 9-11, both at home and abroad. Within hours, federal buildings in Washington, D.C. closed their doors and the Federal Aviation Administration shut down U.S. airports, diverting all in-flight craft to airports in Canada.9 Within days, President Bush issued an Executive Order calling the ready reserves of the armed forces to active duty,10 and the Department of Justice (DOJ) initiated what Attorney General John Ashcroft would later claim to be the largest investigation ever undertaken. …

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.957
Threshold uncertainty score0.798

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.097
GPT teacher head0.340
Teacher spread0.243 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreReview

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations3
Published2002
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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