Aerosolized liposomal Amphotericin B: A potential prophylaxis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Aerosolized liposomal Amphotericin B may reduce the incidence of invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis in adults with chemotherapy-induced prolonged neutropenia with less nephrotoxicity. The breath-actuated AeroEclipse® BAN nebulizer is very efficient and minimizes environmental drug contamination since no aerosol is produced, unless the patient is inspiring through the device. Our aim is to develop an appropriate delivery system suitable for children that does not disrupt the liposomes due to the shear forces in nebulization. METHODS: This is an in vitro experimental study in vitro. Six ml of 4 mg/ml liposomal Amphotericin B solution (AmBisome®; Astellas Pharma Inc., Markham, Ontario, CA) was nebulized with the breath-actuated nebulizer (AeroEclipse®; Trudell Medical International, Canada) and captured by the glass liquid impinger. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was used as detergent to disrupt the liposomes in control samples. Gel filtration, electron microscopy, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to compare the size and shape of the liposomes, and amount of the drug before and after nebulization. The aerosol particle size was obtained by the laser diffraction. RESULTS: After nebulization, 97.5% of amphotericin B was captured by the liquid impinger and detected by HPLC. Gel filtration and electron microscopy demonstrated that the drug remained in its liposomal configuration after nebulization. The mass median diameter (MMD) was 3.7 μm and 66% of aerosol particles were less than 5 μm in diameter. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that liposomal Amphotericin B can be nebulized successfully without disrupting the liposomes and minimize drug loss by using the breath-actuated nebulizer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".