An electro-optical modulator utilizing high-energy electrons in the free-space
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gaining access to the ultrawide bandwidth of optical channels through a suitable electro-optical interface is an important issue for future optoelectronic technology. Considering the broad-bandwidth nature of relativistic free-electron generators of violet and ultraviolet radiation, it would be reasonable to devise a scheme based on the same principles for electro-optical interfacing in the near infrared and even soft X-ray regime. Realisation of such a device does not seem to be unrealistic considering the growing advances in electron-beam injection and microsystems technology. For optoelectronic applications, such as those for very-high bit-rate data communication, the device must be compatible to an existing system. Therefore, the interaction design in a small and economic size has to be considered. On this basis, we initiated a search for a device by looking for potential schemes which take advantage of relativistic electrons and electromagnetic field interaction. We previously adopted a characteristic interaction model with small dimensions and studied the electronic to optical transition/modulation process. The operating characteristics, e.g., coupled wavelengths and gain, associated with the electro-optical coupling process were derived in terms of model parameters and the challenges were defined accordingly. As a continuation of this work, here we explore an interaction design based on the use of cyclotron relativistic electrons. One important advantage of this scheme is that electrons can be easily re-used for another interaction cycle. Another advantage is that for the same physical dimensions, this design offers a longer interaction length which results in gain and power enhancement.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".