Culturable microbes in shallow groundwater underlying ornithogenic soil of Cape Hallett, AntarcticaThis article is one of a selection of papers in the Special Issue on Polar and Alpine Microbiology.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the culturable psychrotolerant microbial community in groundwater from Seabee Hook, Antarctica. Shallow groundwater can be present in coastal regions at higher latitudes during the Antarctic summer. Perched groundwater atop ice-cemented permafrost occurs on Seabee Hook, Cape Hallett, at depths from 5 to 80 cm below the soil surface. Compared with terrestrial water from other sites in Antarctica, the groundwater was high in salt and nutrients, reflecting proximity to the sea and ornithogenic soil. Microbial communities in groundwater samples from Seabee Hook exhibited aerobic metabolism of 14C-acetate at 5 degrees C. Numbers of culturable aerobic heterotrophs in the samples ranged from <10 to ca. 1 x 106 colony-forming units.mL-1, and similar numbers of microaerophiles and nitrate reducers were detected. In contrast, numbers of nitrifiers, sulfate reducers, and iron reducers were up to 1000-fold lower. All cultures were incubated at 5 degrees C. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria isolated from the groundwater were assigned to Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, or Bacteroidetes. The isolates were most similar to cultured bacteria from Antarctic soil or sediment and were cold, salt, and alkaline pH tolerant, indicating they are adapted to in situ conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".