River‐Connected Aquifers: Geophysics, Stratigraphy, Hydrogeology, and Geochemistry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Pumping of water from wells constructed in aquifers adjacent to a river commonly causes infiltration of river water toward the wells, thereby increasing the total available water yield. This type of water production has been used extensively in many European countries and, to a lesser extent, in North America. The flow of river water through permeable riverbed and aquifer sediments, commonly referred to as riverbank filtration, can provide filtration and general purification benefits. Some of the most important considerations in managing aquifer systems of this type include the stratigraphic controls on the flow path and infiltration flux for river water entering the aquifer, the travel time between the river and the pumping wells, and the spatial and temporal variations in geochemical reactions that occur as river water infiltrates the aquifer, leading to changes in water quality. In this contribution, the Fredericton Aquifer, which is considered typical of many alluvial‐valley water‐supply aquifers, is used as a case study to illustrate possible approaches to the characterization of river‐recharged aquifer systems, and to describe some of the important stratigraphic, hydrogeologic, and geochemical features of these systems. The combined use of geophysical, hydrogeological, and geochemical methods of investigation has led to a more complete understanding of river water infiltration toward municipal wells and the resulting water quality implications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".