Elder Wisdom: Adopting Canadian and Australian Approaches to Prosecuting Indigenous Offenders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The United Nations defines Indigenous individuals and communities as "those which, having a historical continuity with preinvasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them."Id.2 "The term 'Indian'" is statutorily defined as "any person who is a member of an Indian tribe."20 U.S.C. § 4402(4) ( 2006).An "'Indian tribe'" is "any Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, or other organized group or community, including any Alaska Native village or regional corporation . . ., which is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians." 25 U.S.C. § 3703(10) (2006).Upon arrival in the Americas, Christopher Columbus called the people he encountered "una gente in Dios," which translates to "people of ( in) God." Marianne O. Nielsen, Introduction to the Context of Native American Criminal Justice Involvement, in CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN NATIVE AMERICA 2, 2 (Marianne O. Nielsen & Robert A. Silverman eds., 2009) [hereinafter Nielsen, Introduction] (emphasis omitted).The Spanish word "Indios" comes from this phrase, and the English "Indian" is derived there from.Id.Among the American Indian population, most prefer to be called "American Indians" over "Native American[s]."U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CPS SUPPLEMENT ON RACE AND ETHNIC ORIGIN 18 (1995), available at http://www.census.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.029 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.039 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".