Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter first discusses the origin of linear and nonlinear refractive indices and the Kerr effect. Since the change in refractive index due to the Kerr effect translates into a phase shift, the signal phase is modulated by its power distribution, which is known as self-phase modulation (SPM). SPM leads to spectral broadening and the exact balance between dispersion and SPM leads to soliton formation. The chapter presents the effects of dispersion, SPM, and soliton formation. It also discusses the impact of cross-phase modulation (XPM) and four-wave mixing (FWM) on the system performance of a WDM system. In a high-bit-rate highly dispersive single-channel system, signal pulses overlap strongly in the time domain, leading to intra-channel four-wave mixing (IFWM) and intra-channel cross-phase modulation (IXPM). These intrachannel nonlinear effects are discussed in the chapter. Finally, the chapter considers the stimulated Raman effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".