The supply of excess phosphate across the Gulf Stream and the maintenance of subtropical nitrogen fixation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
[1] The subtropical North Atlantic is considered a hot spot for biological nitrogen fixation, with estimated rates between 1 and 20 × 1011 mol nitrogen fixed annually. However, the region's nutrient reservoir beneath the euphotic zone is so enriched in nitrate relative to phosphate that it is perplexing how fixation might be sustained there. Here, we investigate whether the physical transport of excess phosphate into the subtropical gyre is sufficient to sustain nitrogen fixation in the gyre. Specifically, we assess the Ekman advection and isopycnal mixing of excess phosphate to the subtropical North Atlantic, using detailed hydrographic and nutrient sections occupied across the Gulf Stream combined with satellite wind data. Ekman advection and along-isopycnal mixing provide a source of approximately 2 × 1010 mol yr−1 of excess phosphate in the northwestern subtropics, a physical mechanism that has the potential to support more than 3 × 1011 mol yr−1 of biological nitrogen fixation, after accounting for alternative sinks of excess phosphate. This excess phosphate supply across the gyre's northern boundary and high nitrogen fixation there offers a mechanism that can explain both the maintenance of subtropical North Atlantic nitrogen fixation in a phosphate-poor environment and help account for the weak gradients in the proxies of fixation observed along interior circulation pathways of the gyre.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".