Survival after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A population‐based competing‐risks analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To examine the rates of cancer-specific mortality, other-cause and bladder cancer mortality in patients with upper-tract urothelial carcinoma undergoing radical nephroureterectomy. METHODS: Relying on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, 9899 patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy were identified. A 20-strata graphical aid was constructed using age (<60, 60-69, 70-79, >79 years) and American Joint Committee on Cancer/TNM stage (pT₁N₀/x , pT₂N₀/x , pT₃N₀/x , pT₄N₀/x , pTany pN₁₋₃) as stratifying variables. The 5-year cancer-specific mortality, other-cause and bladder cancer mortality rates were generated through competing-risks Poisson regression methodologies. Multivariable competing-risks regression models were used to test the effect of age and stage on three different end-points: cancer-specific mortality, other-cause and bladder cancer mortality. RESULTS: Overall, 1797 (18.1%), 891 (9.1%) and 3090 (31.2%) patients died of cancer-specific mortality, other-cause and bladder cancer mortality, respectively. Following stratification according to age and stage, the proportion of patients who succumbed to cancer-specific mortality (11.7-21.9%) and other-cause mortality (8.9-30.4%) increased with age. In contrast, with increasing stage, the proportion of patients who died of cancer-specific mortality increased (7.2-37.5%), whereas the proportion of other-cause mortality remained stable (18.9-22.0%). The rate of bladder cancer mortality increased with advancing stage. At multivariable competing-risk regression model, besides age and stage, women, type of surgery, grade and location were associated with higher cancer-specific mortality. Furthermore, ureteral location, stage and grade were associated with bladder cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The developed graphical aid for prediction of cancer-specific mortality, other-cause, and bladder cancer mortality according to age and stage in patients with upper-tract urothelial carcinoma undergoing radical nephroureterectomy can be useful for physicians and patients during clinical counseling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".