Comparison of induced resistance activated by benzothiadiazole, (2R,3R)‐butanediol and an isoparaffin mixture against anthracnose of <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana against anthracnose caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare was activated by benzothiadiazole (BTH), (2R,3R)butanediol or PC1, an isoparaffin‐based mixture. In inoculation experiments, BTH, (2R,3R)butanediol and PC1 reduced the number of lesions per leaf area caused by C . orbiculare by 98%, 77% and 81%, respectively. Foliar application of BTH induced expression of genes for the acidic pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins, NbPR‐1a , NbPR‐ 3 Q and acidic NbPR‐ 5. In contrast, soil application of (2R,3R)butanediol or PC1 primed expression of genes for the basic PR proteins, NbPRb‐1b , basic NbPR‐2 and NbPR‐5dB . These results are consistent with the activation of salicylic‐acid‐dependent systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by BTH and that of jasmonate/ethylene‐dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) by (2R,3R)butanediol or PC1, and show that (2R,3R)butanediol and PC1 can affect gene expression similarly to plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria. However, the effects of (2R,3R)‐butanediol and PC1 were not identical. In addition to priming, (2R,3R)‐butanediol induced expression of basic NbPR‐2 , whereas PC1 treatment induced expression of both NbPRb‐1b and basic NbPR‐2 . Although a number of microbial products, such as (2R,3R)butanediol, have been shown to produce ISR, this is the first demonstration that an isoparaffin‐based mixture, not derived from a microorganism, can produce ISR.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it