Supply Chain Liability of Multinational Corporations?
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Recent years have seen numerous disasters in factories in countries like Bangladesh and Pakistan that produce goods, in particular garments, for retailers in industrialized countries without being part of their corporate structures. This article raises the question of whether and under what circumstances those retailers may still incur tort law liability for incidents in their supply chains. First discussing concepts of liability for third parties and of organizational torts, this article shows that courts have cautiously moved away from the dogma of strict separation of responsibilities between parent companies and subsidiaries towards a tort law based focus on liability based on control. On that basis, it argues that under suitable circumstances, this approach can also be applied to supply chains, which would impose a duty on retailers to organize their supply chains so as to avoid harm caused by their suppliers. Résumé: De nombreuses catastrophes ont eu lieu ces dernières années dans des usines situées dans des pays comme le Bangladesh et le Pakistan et qui fabriquent des marchandises, en particulier des vêtements, pour des détaillants de pays industrialisés, sans faire toutefois partie de leurs structures de sociétés. Cet article pose la question de savoir si et dans quelles circonstances ces détaillants peuvent encore encourir une responsabilité civile pour des accidents survenus dans leurs chaînes de production. L'article traite d'abord des concepts de responsabilité pour autrui et des délits civils organisationnels, et indique ensuite que les tribunaux ont prudemment quitté le dogme de la stricte séparation des responsabilités entre les sociétés mères et les filiales pour s'orienter vers une responsabilité civile basée sur le contrôle. Sur cette base, il indique que dans des circonstances adéquates, cette approche peut aussi s'appliquer aux chaînes de production et imposerait une obligation de la part des détaillants d'organiser leurs chaîne de production de telle manière à éviter un préjudice causé par leurs fournisseurs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it