Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using monocrystalline p-type substrates of CuInSe/sub 2/ obtained from single crystal ingots of Bridgman-grown material, photovoltaic cells were fabricated with the layer structures CuInSe/sub 2//CdO and CuInSe/sub 2//CdS/CdO, where the CdO window layer, for both kinds of device, was deposited by DC reactive sputtering. The second kind of cell, where the lattice-matching CdS interlayer was deposited by a chemical bath method, showed a conversion efficiency of about 6.8% and a dark forward ideality factor of 1.7. By comparison, the device without the interlayer, where the lattice mismatch between the CuInSe/sub 2/ and the CdO was about 23%, showed a surprising efficiency of 6.3%, despite a larger dark ideality factor of 2.7. This result, indicating that the defect centers at the CuInSe/sub 2/-CdO interface arising from the large lattice mismatch play a smaller role than expected, suggests that the seat of photovoltaic action may lie away from the substrate-window layer interface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".