Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Private, industrial or in-plant rail operations are seldom explored and little researched practice that, nevertheless, play major role the movement of freight worldwide. Additionally, with changes the railroad industry, the issue of how to power these private railroads has become major issue for the system owners. Transportation textbooks seldom cover the practice, and if they do, generally state that private rail operations are not commonly used. For example, one text states that private rail transportation basically means that the user buys or leases railcars, provides rail tracks on the property, and some limited cases, provides switching within the plant (Coyle, Bardi, and Novack, 2000), with later editions not even discussing the practice. However, research into the shows that just as with the motor carrier industry, where private fleets comprise the largest segment of the trucking industry (National Private Truck Council), private railroads greatly outnumber common carrier railroads. According to the Association of American Railroads, there are more than 600 freight railroads operating today Canada, Mexico, and the United States, forming seamless integrated system across North America accounting for more than 40 percent of all freight transportation (2009). However, what is not clearly recognized is that all of these shipments start and end at tens of thousands of individual locations. In the United States alone, The Comprehensive Guide To Industrial Locomotives (Reed, 2002) lists more than 2000 private rail operations using more than 3500 full-sized railroad locomotives. Canada, according to the Canadian Trackside Guide (Roberts and Stremes, 2005), has almost 250 private rail operations using nearly 600 fullsized railroad locomotives. In addition to these numbers, manufacturers of other rail switching devices such as mobile railcar movers list thousands more private rail operations among the tens of thousands of origins and destinations of rail shipments. A search of the Internet using several search engines, as well as number of academic data bases, reveals little about private rail operations. Several encyclopedia-type websites such as Wikipedia and NationMaster have very similar definitions for private or industrial railroads. For example, NationMaster.com (2009) states that an industrial railroad is a type of private railway used exclusively to serve particular industry inside mine or factory compound. Both website go on to give examples of such railroad. The industrial railroad example provided by NationMaster transport say clay from quarry to an interchange point with main line railway, where it would be transported to its final destination. The line would be owned and operated by the quarry company, and would exist solely to serve the quarry. The definition goes on to state that most industrial railways are short, usually being only few kilometres long, but there are notable exceptions--examples of which include the iron ore-carrying railways Western Australia which are hundreds of kilometres length and exist to transport iron ore from the inland to the coast. BACKGROUND Limited academic research exists on the benefits of private rail operations, particularly for North American operations. However, some recent research has been conducted on private in-plant rail operations Europe. Lubbecke and Zimmermann (2003) stated that in order to maintain timely around-the-clock production process it is often opportune or indispensable to operate private industrial railroad. Since paper by Charnes & Miller (in 1956), apparently no attention the operations research literature has been drawn on in-plant railroads. However, ongoing privatization and market deregulations the railroad sector force these railroads to offer better transportation quality, and to decrease charges. Industry experts North America agree that private rail operations are often essential and exist due to industrial demand. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".