Zoonotic and Animal Vector Mediated Encephalitides

is responsible for encephalitis complications, without accompanying meningitis (Dionisio et al., 2001; Valassina et al., 2003). Rift Valley Fever VirusRift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is named from the region of Kenya from which it was first isolated (Daubney et al., 1931).A wide range of mosquito genera have been shown to maintain the enzoonic cycle (e.g., Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Stegomyia, Anopheles, Culex, Neomelaniconion, Eretmapodites), with Aedes vexans and Culex erraticus showing successful transmission to other animals to serve as bridge vectors (as reviewed by Pfeffer and Dobler (2010)).Infection in pregnant ruminants induces abortion at all stages of pregnancy to the magnitude that this event is referred to as an "abortion storm" (Kasari et al., 2008).Aborted fetuses, birthing material and body fluids of infected animals carry high viral loads and contact with these materials is a possible pathway for human infection (Pepin et al., 2010).Encephalitis was reported in outbreaks in Egypt and Saudi Arabia (Laughlin et al., 1979;Madani et al., 2003). Flaviviridae Family: Japanese Encephalitis Virus Serogroup, Tick Borne Encephalitis and Dengue Fever Encephalitis 2.3.1 Japanese Encephalitis Virus Serogroup: Japanese, St. Louis, and Australian Encephalitis Virus and West Nile VirusWith over 50,000 cases occurring each year, the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is responsible for the most cases of epidemic encephalitis worldwide (Weaver & Barrett, 2004).Pigs are suspected to be the main amplification host for the virus involving human infection due to their proximity to human habitation.Ardeid birds (e.g., herons and egrets) serve as the natural hosts.The mosquito vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, feeds on all hosts (birds, pigs and humans) and finds suitable habitat in the flooded rice paddies of Southeast Asia.Humans and horses are susceptible, but are considered dead end hosts (reviewed by Pfeffer and Dobler (2010)).The primary vectors for the St. Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLEV) are Cx.Pipiens and Cx.Quinquefasciatus, in the western U.S., Cx.Tarsalis, and Cx.Nigripalpus in Florida.Various birds serve as reservoirs (McLean et al., 1993;Georgiev, 2009).Outbreaks have been reported in almost every American state, along with Canada, and Central and South America (Calisher, 1994).Evidence suggests that SLEV was introduced into North America from South America and is locally circulated.Sequence comparisons from various strains show that the overall genome sequence is more conserved than other members of the Japanese serogroup (May et al., 2008).Basal diversification northward is estimated to have initiated around 177-247 years ago (Baillie et al., 2008).Vertical transmission of the St. Louis virus was studied by Flores et al. (2010).Vertical transmission is used as an overwinter mechanism for Culex quinquefasciatus in the temperate areas of Argentina, where St. Louis encephalitis is endemic.Lab studies confirmed that larva and adults both are capable of acquiring the virus.Australian Encephalitis can be caused by two viral agents, the Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus or Kunjin Virus, which are distributed in both Australia and Papua New Guinea.In Western Australia, the virus is monitored through the testing of serum from sentinel chickens (Hall et al., 1995).The virus is focused in the western part of the country, linked to the growth of the primary mosquito vector, Culex annulirostris.This habitat also supports How to referenceIn order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:

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