Hazards in Choosing Between Pooled and Separate- Variances t Tests
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
"If the variances of two treatment groups are heterogeneous and, at the same time, sample sizes are unequal, the Type I error probabilities of the pooledvariances Student t test are modified extensively. It is known that the separate-variances tests introduced by Welch and others overcome thisproblem in many cases and restore the probability to the nominal significance level. In practice, however, it is not always apparent from sample data whether or not the homogeneity assumption is valid at the population level, and this uncertainty complicates the choice of an appropriate significance test. The present study quantifies the extent to which correct and incorrect decisions occur under various conditions. Furthermore, in using statistical packages, such as SPSS, in which both pooled-variances and separate-variances t tests are available, there is a temptation to perform both versions and to reject H0 if either of the two test statistics exceeds its critical value. The present simulations reveal that this procedure leads to incorrect statistical decisions with high probability."
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it