Applications of ultrasonic NDE techniques for location and characterization of defects in epoxy composite GIS spacers
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasonic inspection of gas-insulated high-voltage substation (GIS) spacers has been conducted and, based on the limited evaluation to date, it appears to provide a viable means of detecting defects. Using commercially available ultrasonic equipment coupled to a motor drive and software data collection system, this method has been successful in locating voids, agglomerates of contaminating particles, and epoxy-metal interface debonding in GIS spacers that failed to pass factory qualification tests. Manual probe application has also proven capable of locating defects. A series of defects including voids, metal contaminants, and paper fragments could be detected in a set of test specimens. A spatial resolution of approximately 1 mm has been attained. The correlation between ultrasonic results and forensic examination has been very good. The spacers used in this evaluation had previously been subjected to nondestructive X-ray tomographic inspection, which failed to disclose any internal defects. Scattering of the ultrasonic signal by the inorganic fillers has resulted in enlargement of the apparent dimensions of features. The fillers have not hindered detection of features within epoxy sections approximately 180 mm thick.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it