Enzymatic interactions between <i><scp>G</scp>remmeniella abietina</i> var. <i>abietina, </i><scp>E</scp>uropean race, and two resistant hosts, <i><scp>P</scp>inus banksiana</i> and <i><scp>P</scp>. contorta</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Ultrastructural observations showed that the European race of Gremmeniella abietina var. abietina can secrete several cell wall–degrading enzymes that help the invasion of Pinus banksiana and P. contorta shoot tip tissues. Alterations in the content or distribution of cellulose were obvious, indicating that colonization might be achieved primarily through the action of glucanases. Polygalacturonases seemed more abundant in the cortex and the phloem of the stem, suggesting they are among the first enzymes secreted by the pathogen during infection. Production of laccases and peroxidases was also revealed but always close to fungal cells or in areas where host wall degradation was obvious. In places where there was an accumulation of phenolic compounds in the infected zones of the shoot, particularly in or near the transition zone, immunolocalization of both enzymes was limited or absent. Laccases and polygalacturonases were regularly detected over the extracellular sheath of G. abietina, and this indicates that the sheath could play a significant role during host wall degradation. Finally, examination of G. abietina wall constituents, such as chitin and β‐1,3‐glucans, suggests that the composition of the pathogen wall changes during the infection process. This change may be associated with the secretion of fungal enzymes but could also be linked to host reactions altering the integrity of pathogen cell walls.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".