Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Beta and gamma rhythms were first studied in the human electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from the scalp. Beta waves of >13 Hz appear in the occipital EEG when the eyes are open, as first reported by Hans Berger who also named the 8–12 Hz alpha rhythm (Niedermeyer, 2005). As used by neuroscientists, beta typically designates 13 to ∼30 Hz and gamma describes ∼30 to 100 Hz, including the 40‐Hz oscillations, while higher frequency activities are called ripples (∼100–500 Hz). Beta, gamma, and ripple EEGs are of relatively low amplitude (<30 μV) in the EEG, and quantification normally requires computer analysis, with careful separation from muscle and 50–60 Hz electrical power artifacts. Other than in the EEG, gamma and beta activities can be found in the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), local field potentials, extracellular neuronal unit firings, and intracellularly recorded membrane potentials. Spontaneous (steady‐state), evoked, and induced gamma rhythms are distinguished. Spontaneous rhythm occurs without stimulation, evoked gamma activity is time‐locked to the stimulus, and induced gamma is increased by the stimulus but not time‐locked to it.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".