Mixed-member electoral systems : the best of both worlds?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Part 1 Placing mixed-member systems in the world of electoral systems: Matthew Soberg Shugart and Martin P. Wattenberg, mixed-member electoral systems - a definition and typology Matthew Shugart, extreme electoral systems and the appeal of the mixed-member alternative. Part 2 Origins of mixed-member systems: Susan E. Scarrow, Germany - the mixed-member system as a political compromise David Denemark, choosing MMP in New Zealand - explaining the 1993 electoral reform Richard S. Katz, reforming the Italian electoral law, 1993 Gideon Rahat, the politics of reform in Israel - how the Israeli mixed system came to be Steven R. Reed and Michael F. Thies, the causes of electoral reform in Japan Brian F. Crisp and Juan Carlos Rey, the sources of electoral reform in Venezuela Rene Antonio Mayorga, electoral reform in Bolivia - origins of the mixed-member proportional system Juan Molinar Horcasitas and Jeffrey Weldon, reforming electoral systems in Mexico John W. Schiemann, hedging against uncertainty - regime change and the origins of Hungary's mixed-Member system Robert G. Moser and Frank C. Thames Jr, compromise amidst political conflict, the origins of Russia's mixed-member system. Part 3 Consequences of mixed-member systems: Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Bernhard Wessels, the political consequences of Germany's mixed-member system - personalization at the grass roots? Fiona Barker, Jonathan Boston, Stephen Levine, Elizabeth McLeay and Nigel S. Roberts, an initial assessment of the consequences of MMP in New Zealand Roberto D'Alimonte, mixed electoral rules, partisan realignment, and party system change in Italy Reuven Y. Hazan, the Israeli mixed electoral system - unexpected reciprocal and cumulative consequences Steven R. Reed and Michael F. Thies, the consequences of electoral reform in Japan Michael R. Kulisheck and Brian F. Crisp, the legislative consequences of MMP electoral rules in Venezuela Rene Antonio Mayorga, the mixed-member proportional system and its consequences in Bolivia Jeffrey Weldon, the consequences of the Mexicos mixed electoral system, 1988-1997 Kenneth Benoit, evaluating Hungary's mixed-member electoral system Robert G. Moser, the consequences of Russia's mixed-member electoral system. Part 4 Prospects for reform in other countries: David M. Farrell, the United Kingdom comes of age - the British electoral reform revolution of the 1990s R. Kent Weaver, electoral rules and electoral reform in Canada Matthew Soberg Shugart and Martin P. Wattenberg, are mixed-member systems the best of both worlds?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.020 | 0.034 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".