Greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs of the western United States
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Six reservoirs located in the Western United States (F. D. Roosevelt, Dworshak, Wallula, Shasta, Oroville, and New Melones) were sampled in order to estimate their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Two types of fluxes were assessed: (1) diffusive fluxes of methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the air/water interface and (2) degassing fluxes of CH 4 and CO 2 from water passing through the turbine spillways. Diffusive flux measurements indicated that the surface of the reservoirs were a source of CH 4 during the sampling period (from +3.2 to +9.5 mg CH 4 m −2 d −1 ). Oroville (+1026 mg CO 2 m −2 d −1 ) and Shasta (+1247 mg CO 2 m −2 d −1 ) surfaces were also sources of CO 2 . In contrast, the surface of all the other reservoirs constituted sinks for CO 2 (from −349 to −1195 mg CO 2 m −2 d −1 ). Degassing fluxes ranged from +0.003 to +0.815 t CH 4 d −1 , and from +16 to +324 t CO 2 d −1 . Daily GHG budgets ranged from +0.146 to +2.228 t CH 4 d −1 , and from −15 to +224 t CO 2 d −1 . Degassing fluxes represented an important term of these budgets. A significant correlation was observed between the magnitude of CO 2 diffusive fluxes and the water pH (R 2 = 0.81; p < 0.0001). All other correlations between GHG diffusive fluxes and independent variables tested were weak and/or not significant. Finally, while attempting to resolve the spatial variability in diffusive fluxes, we were able to cluster reservoirs neither according to geological nor ecological criteria.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it