Extending Corporate Criminal Liability: Some Thoughts on Bill C-45
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On 7 November 2003, Royal Assent was given to Bill C-45, An Act to Amend the Criminal Code (criminal liability of organizations). This legislation aims to broaden the criminal liability of corporations and other organizations in two significant ways. First, it expands the basis for corporate criminal liability beyond the existing common law; second, it extends to non-corporate organizations criminal liability previously limited to corporations. Bill C-45 will apply to all fault-based offenses occurring on or after 31 March 2004, it does not apply to offenses of either absolute or strict liability. This paper will discuss the most crucial changes implemented by Bill C-45 and the likely impact of these changes. It concludes that while the government intends to broaden criminal liability through Bill C-45, and in some ways, is successful in so doing, certain parts may require amendment to achieve this goal within the frameworth of the Criminal Code.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.022 | 0.038 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.018 | 0.013 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.050 | 0.031 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".