Bibliographic record
Abstract
Robert Bell (1841–1917) taught at Queen’s College (now University) at Kingston, Ontario from 1864 to 1868, having previously served seven years as assistant at the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). From Queen’s, he rejoined the GSC, serving until he was superannuated in 1908, elevated contentiously to ’Acting’ Director from 1901-1906. He was 23 years of age when he took up the Queen’s position, but was already recognized among the small local geological community as an authority on the Glacial Period. His time at Queen’s was not happy – his predecessor had left under a cloud, there was opposition to his succession to the post, faculty opponents co-opted students, who harassed Bell with classroom rowdyism, all of which he met with insistence on the Administration’s support and regularization of his appointed ‘interim’ status and remuneration. At Queen’s he lost ground professionally, particularly through his dubious involvement in assessing gold-mining properties in Nova Scotia (1868), in which a group of Kingston Town and Gown ‘worthies’ had invested development capital. However, we can add that gains were also made through several positive factors: i) his completion of the section on ‘Superficial Deposits’ for Sir William Logan’s Geology of Canada (1863); ii) membership in James Richardson’s GSC party to the Magdalen Islands and Newfoundland (1867); iii) his leadership of GSC field parties to Manitoulin Island (1865, 1866); and iv) visits to Scotland in 1864 and 1868, where he sat at the feet of several eminent scientists at the University of Edinburgh, and met the Glasgow family into which he would marry in 1873.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.059 | 0.019 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".