Available but not accessible : the tripartite system of maternity and parental leave provision in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This project provides a descriptive and critical analysis of the tripartite system of maternity and parental leave provision in Canada. It examines inequalities in access to leave and levels of protection, factors creating these divisions, and resulting outcomes. Policy changes which could address some exclusions, are considered Since the advent of major welfare state and labour market restructuring ., during the past decade, no research has provided a detailed examination of women's access to and use of the full range of maternity and parental leave provisions in Canada. The shifting context of these provisions, taking into account labour market restructuring, evolving family structures, and current trends in Canadian social policy reform, is explored. The project draws from Richard Titmuss' conceptual schema of social divisions of welfare, and Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon's analysis of dependency discourse. To trace the evolution of Canadian maternity and parental leave policies and highlight emerging inequalities, the study analyses a number of sources including statistical reports, policy documents, summaries of policy debates, and transcriptions of House of Commons sessions. This project reveals major inequities in access to EI maternity and parental benefits, employment standards job protection, and occupational maternity and parental leave provisions. The current system not only fails to successfully create equality for employed women, it creates clear divisions among women based in part on race, ethnicity, and immigrant status. Some groups of women are more likely than others to be situated in those parts of the labour market providing employment unlikely to qualify them for maternity and parental leave provisions which are based solely on women's labour market position. The discrepancy between a changing labour market on one hand, and legislation on the other, means that fewer women are now eligible for paid benefits and job protection yet those who have remained eligible are now enjoying better benefits. This analysis of the tripartite system of providing for maternity and parental leave demonstrates that supports for childbearing are highly inequitable because of the intersection of programmatic and economic structures. Yet access is framed in a way that suggests provisions are directly related to individual effort.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.033 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".