Morphological plasticity of native and non-native pumpkinseed sunfish in response to habitat type
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Aquatic environments contain discrete habitats that vary in structural com-plexity and resource availability. Non-indigenous organisms that exhibit a high degree of phenotypic plasticity may be more successful at foraging and navigating, in and around the novel environments. Goal: To investigate differences in morphological plasticity in young-of-year fish from native Canadian and non-native Iberian populations. Organism: Pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Methods: Fish were reared for 80 days in enclosures that restricted individuals to either the littoral or pelagic zone of an artificial pond, while still permitting the passage of prey. Inter- and intra-population differences were tested using analysis of covariance and discriminant function analysis, while differences in plasticity were tested through a multivariate analysis of variance of discriminant function scores. Results: Regardless of geographic origin, fish held under pelagic conditions exhibited sig-nificantly wider caudal fin bases, and longer dorsal and ventral caudal peduncle lengths. All populations developed longer gill rakers and shorter and narrower jaw structures when held under pelagic conditions. Iberian populations exhibited less phenotypic plasticity than native Canadian populations. All pumpkinseed populations held under pelagic conditions appear to exhibit similar morphological changes geared towards enhancing their ability to swim and forage in open-water habitat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".