Chemical-Assisted Femtosecond Laser Structuring of Waveguide-Embedded Wavefront-Splitting Interferometers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comprehensive design of wavefront-splitting interferometers (WSIs) is introduced for integration into wafer light circuits and optical fiber systems. The WSI detects the coherent interference of two wavefronts after being equally split by a single buried resonator and collected into a single mode waveguide. WSIs present a desirable compact sensor as possible with Fabry Perot interferometers (FPIs), with the additional benefits of strong visibility contrast and high sensitivity to external parameters as expected with Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Theoretical models and finite-difference time-domain simulations show the WSI spectral responses to be 2χ to 120χ more sensitive to changes in refractive index, temperature, and strain over comparable Bragg grating waveguides and FPIs. Femtosecond laser irradiation with selective chemical etching provided the flexible means for 3-D geometric structuring and waveguide integration below the surface, delivering precise WSIs with a small '12-nm rms surface roughness. Temperature and vacuum sensing were demonstrated with high sensing resolution (0.8 °C and 1.8 χ 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> RIU) and sensitivity (60.6 pm/°C and 2800 nm/RIU) to match theoretically anticipated values. Such high finesse optical elements open a new realm of optical sensing and integrated optical circuit concepts without relying on tedious nanoprecision assembly methods or the use of large optical components.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".