Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasonics are waves of airborne sound longer than ~1.7 cm (20 kHz) that, by definition, cannot be heard.The term distinguishes sound frequencies above the upper limit of human frequency sensitivity.But of course a dog, a bat or a cricket may hear such waves: animal sensory systems have 'unhuman' capacities.Ultrasonic is only a convenient descriptor for 'wavelengths above the limit of detection', applied illogically to animal species that hear these waves 'just fine'.Some species of the singing insects known as 'katydids' (Tettigoniidae) produce and hear ultrasonics.The males make their sounds perching on plants.They rub their forewings together, which excites the oscillation of forewing membranes as sound radiators.Male calls travel through grasses, shrubs or forests to be heard by distant females: these females localize the singer and approach him for mating.Why such carriers should be ultrasonic is puzzling, because ultrasonic wavelengths interact poorly with plant environments; they don't carry well, and being higher energy at a given sound level, are relatively more costly to produce than audio frequencies.Ultrasonics would not seem a good choice for a beacon directed to potential mates at long range.Two such katydid species comprise the genus Myopophyllum, both with a very high ultrasonic carrier.This is about the physical structure of their sounds and how they have evolved to make them 'elastically'.At present the 'why' of their ultrasonics remains a puzzle.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".