Quercetin Relaxes Cholecystokinin‐ and KCl‐Induced Tension in Guinea Pig Gallbladder Strips
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Quercetin, a flavonoid, relaxed cholecystokinin octapeptide‐ (CCK) and KCl‐induced tension in a concentration dependent manner. An in vitro technique was used to determine which system(s) mediated the relaxation. Paired t‐tests were used; differences between mean values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Adding quercetin prior to CCK or KCl produced a significant (p<0.001) decrease in the amount of tension (0.75+0.04 vs. 0.43+0.04 g CCK; 0.8+0.07 vs. 0.5+0.04 g KCl). When the PKC inhibitors bisindolymaleimide IV and chelerythrine Cl ‐ were used together, a significant (p<0.001) reduction in the quercetin‐induced relaxation (45.7+4.3 vs. 27.6+3.4%) was observed. To determine if PKA mediated the quercetin‐induced relaxation, PKA inhibitor 14‐22 amide myristolated (PKA‐IM) was used. PKA‐IM significantly (p<0.05) decreased the amount (40.4+3.7 vs. 34.5+3.3%) of quercetin‐induced relaxation. The use of 2‐APB also significantly (p<0.001) reduced the amount of quercetin‐induced relaxation (51.2+3.5 vs. 14.8+3.6%). L‐NMMA significantly (p<001) decreased the quercetin‐induced relaxation (47.1+5.1 vs. 36.8+4.1%). KT5823 had no effect on the quercetin‐induced relaxation. Quercetin blocked extracellular Ca 2+ entry which affected downstream events such as activation of PKC, PKA, intracellular Ca 2+ release, and activation of NO synthase. The quercetin‐induced relaxation of CCK‐induced tension is mediated by multiple signaling pathways.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".