The co-stimulatory molecule GITR intrinsically enhances type 1 and follicular helper CD4 T cell responses to establish early control of a persistent viral infection and potentiate the late humoral response (IRC9P.700)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract During persistent infection, the immune system must be tightly regulated to balance immune control against pathology. The glucocorticoid-induced TNFR (GITR) is an important co-stimulatory molecule that plays a critical CD4 T cell-intrinsic role in the control of a mouse model of chronic viral infection, LCMV clone 13. 8 days post-infection (dpi) of wild-type (WT) and GITR-/- mice revealed that GITR-/- mice have 2-fold fewer LCMV-specific CD8 T cells, with higher PD-1 and Tim-3 levels. These defects became more striking at 45 dpi, when GITR-/- mice have a ~9-fold deficit in IFNγ+CD107+TNF+ CD8 T cells. GITR-/- mice had impaired viral control, with 35- and 10- fold higher viral load in the kidney at 8 and 45 dpi, respectively. Depletion of CD4 cells largely abrogated the differences between WT and GITR-/- mice at 8 dpi, suggesting that CD4 T cells underscore the impaired T cell responses of GITR-/- mice. GITR-/- mice have 3-4-fold fewer IFNγ+ and IL-2+ Th1 cells at 8 dpi. Using DEREG mice, we found that the compromised immunity and viral control in GITR-/- mice are independent of Foxp3+ Tregs. GITR-/- mice also had 2-fold fewer follicular helper (Tfh) cells at 21-45 dpi, with concomitant impairment in LCMV-specific IgG titres. Mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed a CD4 T cell-intrinsic role for GITR in potentiating Th1 and Tfh responses. Our findings reveal a critical role for GITR in co-stimulation of CD4 helper T cell subsets for optimal cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".