Oxygen Abundances for the Planetary Nebulae in M32, NGC 185, and NGC 205
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present spectroscopy of planetary nebulae in M32, NGC 185, and NGC 205. With these new data, spectra exist for 14 planetary nebulae in M32, for 5 planetary nebulae in NGC 185, and 13 planetary nebulae in NGC 205. From these data, oxygen abundances based upon electron temperatures derived from detections of [O III]λ4363 may be derived for 11 planetary nebulae in M32, 5 in NGC 185, and 7 in NGC 205. The mean oxygen abundances and their dispersions based upon these [O III]λ4363 detections are 8.51 ± 0.20, 8.21 ± 0.27, and 8.20 ± 0.24 in M32, NGC 185, and NGC 205, respectively, in the usual 12 + log( O / H ) format. We confirm a previous finding that a significant fraction of the planetary nebulae in M32 have anomalously strong [N II] lines (Stasińska et al. 1998). Seven of the planetary nebulae for which there now exist spectra (half of the total) have I ([N II]λ6584)/ I ( H β) > 1.5. These objects are concentrated towards the centre of M32, though less so than the light. When we combine these new oxygen abundances with extant data, we find that the the same physical processes appear to control the chemical evolution of ellipticals, dwarf spheroidals, and the bulges of spirals. In addition, it is clear that dwarf spheroidals incorporated their metal production into stars much more efficiently than dwarf irregulars, casting more doubt upon an evolutionary link between these two types of dwarf galaxies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".