Seasonal variations in <sup>35</sup>S and Δ<sup>17</sup>O of sulfate aerosols on the Antarctic plateau
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The first reported seasonal Δ17O anomaly in sulfate aerosols and measurements of radioactive 35SO42− activities collected from Dome C, Antarctica, are reported. Δ17O values exhibit minima during summer (as low as 0.91‰) when tropospheric oxidation patterns are dominated by OH/H2O2 mechanisms. Significant enrichment during autumn and spring is observed (up to 2.40‰) as ozone oxidation increases in the troposphere relative to summer and both stratospheric sources and long‐range transport become more significant to the total sulfate budget. An unexpected decrease in Δ17O is seen as winter progresses. This decline is concluded to potentially arise due to a reduction in vertical mixing in the troposphere or linked to variations in the long‐range transport of sulfur species to Antarctica. 35SO42− activities exhibit maxima during summer (up to 1219 atoms 35S/m3) that correlate with the peak in stratospheric flux and minima during winter (as low as 146 atoms 35S/m3) when the lack of solar radiation substantially reduces photochemical activity. It is shown that 35S offers the potential to be used as an additional tracer to study stratospheric and tropospheric interactions and is used to estimate stratospheric input of sulfur (combination of SO2 and SO42−). Stratospheric sulfur input produces maxima during summer/autumn with an upper limit of 5.5 ng/m3 and minima during winter/spring with an upper limit of 1.1 ng/m3. From these results, it is concluded that the variation in Δ17O is more reliant upon shifts in tropospheric oxidation mechanisms and long‐range transport than on changes in the stratospheric flux.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".