'United in Divergency': A Commentary on the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On October 20, 2005 the General Conference of UNESCO adopted the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. The Convention marks the so far latest development in a chain of “culture and trade conflicts” that include, for instance, the inclusion of Article IV of the GATT 1947, the emergence of satellite broadcasting in the 1960s, the dispute over audiovisual services towards the end of the Uruguay Round, and the WTO’s ruling in the Canada Periodicals Case. Often evolving at the same pace as technological progress, these conflicts are principally caused by the dual, i.e. economic and cultural, nature of cultural goods and services, commonly referred to as the cultural industries. The duality of the cultural industries gives rise to difficult problems with regard to their legal classification and treatment, as they are not only an important economic factor in international trade but also the principal carriers of cultural identity and cultural diversity. Thus, it is this dual nature that requires a common consideration of the two areas of culture and of trade, each of which has so far been subject to a distinct and fragmented substantive as well as formal treatment under international law. Against this backdrop, this article inquires whether the new Convention will be capable of substantially improving the regulatory situation of the cultural industries in the digital age with a view of mitigating the potential negative effects that trade liberalisation may have for the cultural variety of the globe. The achievement of this goal, it is argued, heavily rests upon the responsibility of the international community in combination with the competent international organisations to foster the coherence between the respective objectives of cultural policies and of trade policies with a view of enhancing the institutional unity and efficiency of the international legal order.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.027 | 0.057 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.038 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.022 | 0.026 |
| Open science | 0.011 | 0.012 |
| Research integrity | 0.107 | 0.117 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".