Precision open-ended coaxial probe for dielectric spectroscopy of breast tissue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research suggests that there exists a significant contrast between the dielectric properties of cancerous and normal breast tissue at microwave frequencies. Open-ended coaxial probes have been extensively used and analyzed in dielectric spectroscopy. There has been an extensive numerical and experimental analysis of these probes to ensure the highest possible accuracy in the dielectric-property estimates. For simple probes made of sections of semi-rigid cable, small geometrical changes at the probe aperture, which can result from manufacturing, handling and/or usage, may have very significant effects on the observed reflection coefficient. Consequently, a precision, 3.0 mm, stainless steel open-ended coaxial probe has been designed. The probe is built out of sections of high quality coaxial line, using dielectrics whose thermal properties are similar to those of the metal. Tolerances on probe aperture dimensions and flatness are better than 10 /spl mu/m. Borosilicate glass, hermetically sealed to the metal conductors, is used as the dielectric in the final section of the probe. We present preliminary experimental and numerical reflection coefficient estimates using this probe. The carefully manufactured open-ended coaxial probe is reliable and yields accurate results, and is suitable as a sensor for high fidelity in vivo tissue measurements and characterization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".