Advances in pathology of diabetes from pancreatic islets to neuropathy—a tribute to <scp>P</scp>aul <scp>L</scp>angerhans
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
There emerges a world epidemic of diabetes, afflicting over 3.8 billion people globally. The socio-economic burden of this disorder is tremendous and there is an urgent need to solve the problems incurred from this disorder and to establish an efficient way of prevention and treatment. Fundamental pathology of diabetes has been too diverse to reach a simple etiology and the mechanisms of how the lesions specific to diabetes develop are yet to be clear. Nevertheless, there has been slow but significant advancement in the understanding of the disease based on characterization of the salient features of pathological lesions in human diabetic subjects. Progressive decline of islet β cells associated with increased α cell volume density was found to account for clinical manifestation of hypoinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes. Concurrently, signs of complications represented by distal nerve fiber loss in the skin commences from the beginning of this disease. Thus the pathological studies disclosed the major attributes in this disorder targeting the islet of pancreas and epidermal nerve, both of which were discovered by Paul Langerhans more than 140 years ago. In this review, I attempt to summarize the progress in pathology of diabetes which Langerhans opened this field.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it