Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology and Cytokine Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of Racehorses with Exercise Intolerance and Lower Airway Inflammation
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is limited information relating bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology and cytokine messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in racehorses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD). HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that cytokine expression in BAL cells would correlate with cytology. Thus, we evaluated the mRNA expression of selected cytokines in BAL cells in racehorses with exercise intolerance and lower airway inflammation. ANIMALS: Thirty-one client-owned Standardbred racehorses with exercise intolerance. METHODS: Prospective, observational study. Cells were obtained by BAL, and mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ was determined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: Nine horses had normal BAL cell differential cytology (Controls), while 22 horses had evidence of IAD based on BAL fluid cytology. Relative expressions of TNF-α/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; 0.0092 ± 0.010 versus 0.0045 ± 0.005, P= .034), IL-4/GAPDH (0.001 ± 0.002 versus 0.0003 ± 0.0003, P= .029), and IFN-γ/GAPDH (0.0027 ± 0.003 versus 0.0009 ± 0.001, P= .028) were greater in horses with IAD compared with controls. Furthermore, IL-4/GAPDH (0.001 ± 0.002 versus 0.0002 ± 0.0003, P < .0001) and IFN-γ/GAPDH (0.003 ± 0.003 versus 0.001 ± 0.001, P= .002) mRNA expression was increased in horses with increased metachromatic cell counts compared with horses with normal metachromatic cell counts. Only the mRNA expression of IL-1β/GAPDH (1.1 ± 0.7 versus 0.3 ± 0.3, P= .045) was increased with airway neutrophilia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Differences in gene expression were associated with the presence of IAD and with specific cell types present in airway secretions of Standardbred racehorses with poor performance. These findings suggest that different pathophysiological pathways are implicated in IAD.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it