Hox genes and the control of limb bud outgrowth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments have demonstrated that the establishment of the limb architecture relies upon the function of HoxA and HoxD genes. Moreover, we have shown that the complete inactivation of these two gene clusters results in severe limb truncation. During limb development, there are two phases of Hox expression: At early limb bud stages, Hox genes are sequentially activated in time, with expression of ‘late’ genes (from group 10 to 13) being progressively restricted to the posterior mesenchyme. At later developmental stages, transcription is maintained for only a subset of the HoxA and HoxD genes (group 9 to 13), with a collinear nested pattern along the proximal‐distal axis. While phenotypes associated to individual gene loss‐of‐function correlates with the second wave of transcriptional activation, we found that the function of Hox genes is necessary from early limb bud stages onwards. For instance, by removing both HoxA and HoxD gene clusters, we have uncovered a requirement for these transcription factors in Shh activation and maintenance. We have further analyzed HoxA/HoxD conditional mutants and found that decreasing the Hox dosage within developing limb buds impairs cell survival. Our results suggest that, in addition to patterning functions, Hox genes are needed for the proper outgrowth of developing limbs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".