Doping control of biosimilar epoetin kappa and other recombinant erythropoietins after intravenous application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the expiration of patent protection, a number of new recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) biosimilars have appeared on the worldwide market. In 2010, epoetin kappa, which is biosimilar to epoetin alfa, was clinically approved in Japan. Currently, both isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) are approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for detection of rEPO doping. Because it was unclear whether epoetin kappa could be detected by WADA-accredited detection methods, intravenous administration studies of epoetin kappa, epoetin alfa, and epoetin beta were performed to test the applicability of these methods. The isoform bands of epoetin kappa expanded more widely towards the basic area and the profile appeared to be composed of at least eight bands, which were clearly different from those of other epoetins. The results showed that epoetin kappa also contains isoforms of higher molecular masses than those of originator epoetins on SDS-PAGE; the mass distribution was confirmed by electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We clearly detected epoetin kappa after its administration up to 10 h by IEF-PAGE and 24 h by SDS-PAGE; the detection window of the SDS-PAGE is longer than that of the IEF-PAGE. SDS-PAGE compensates for the disadvantages of IEF-PAGE in detecting urinary epoetin kappa. We also concluded that athletes abusing rEPO might move to intravenous injections for shorter clearance times instead of subcutaneous injections. In conclusion, out-of-competition tests need to be applied more frequently to improve the effectiveness of the rEPO detection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".