Developing a new mode for observation of ionospheric disturbances by digital ionosonde in ionospheric vertical sounding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Detecting Doppler frequency shifts from ionospheric high‐frequency echoes is an important way to study ionospheric disturbances. This paper presents and realizes a new mode for observation of ionospheric disturbances using a combination of coded pulses and echo phase measurement analysis in ionospheric vertical sounding based on the Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde (CADI) platform. Experimental results show that the newly developed mode for observation of ionospheric disturbances on CADI can acquire accurate Doppler ionogram (Dopplionogram) and obtain temporal and spatial variations of the velocity of ionospheric disturbances in real time so that it has essential value in observation and research of ionospheric disturbances. The application of the new mode for observation of ionospheric disturbances in ionospheric vertical sounding opens up a new, effective way by which much more ionospheric information can be acquired with existing common ionospheric sounding instruments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".