Comparison of casein and whey in diets on performance, immune responses and metabolomic profile of weanling pigs challenged with<i>Escherichia coli</i>F4
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The differences in amino acid composition in casein and whey have been thought to exert different immunomodulatory and metabolic effects. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of casein and whey on performance, immune responses and plasma metabolomic profile of weanling pigs challenged with E. coli F4. Two factorial experiments involving 24 weanling pigs were conducted. Diets containing casein or whey, and challenge with E. coli O149:F4 or not, were the two factors. Blood was sampled at the day before challenge and 4 and 7 days postchallenge. For measurement of mucosal immune responses and intestinal dimensions, samples were collected from the small intestine (SI) immediately after killing at 7 days postchallenge. Feeding the whey-diet decreased (P<0.05) mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig) A concentration and percentage of CD3+ T cells in the blood, and tended (P=0.114) to upregulate the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in SI tissue, compared to feeding the casein-diet. The diarrhea occurrence (P<0.05) and CD4+:CD8+ T cell ratio (P=0.058) were higher whereas the percentage of lymphocytes to total leukocytes was lower (P<0.05) in challenged pigs compared with unchallenged pigs. The challenge reduced (P<0.05) daily gain and tended to reduce the daily feed intake (P=0.067) and the intestinal mucosa weight (P=0.073), but an effect of diet was not observed. The metabolomic analysis showed discrimination between challenged and unchallenged pigs after inoculation with E. coli, but no discrimination was observed between pigs fed casein- and whey-diets before and after challenge. In conclusion, the feeding of casein or whey to weanling pigs differed in immunological responses whereas no distinctions were observed with regard to performance and plasma metabolomic profile of pigs. Challenge of the pigs with E. coli F4 increased the diarrhea and appeared to modulate the immune function of the piglets through changes in T cells populations and plasma metabolite profile.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".