Parallel evolutionary divergence in Arctic char <i>Salvelinus alpinus</i> complex from Transbaikalia: variation in differentiation degree and segregation of genetic diversity among sympatric forms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the growing recognition of an important role of ecological speciation in evolution, the mechanisms driving sympatric divergence within a single population are not fully understood. We documented a series of parallel divergence events and tried to assess general regularities of the diversification of the ancestral gene pool. For that we analysed variation at microsatellite loci in populations of a highly polymorphic complex species Salvelinus alpinus from 14 Transbaikalian lakes, 10 of them hosting two or three forms: dwarf, small, and large. Our results suggest sympatric or parapatric origin of forms in all 10 lakes (in one lake, two forms out of three). Gene diversity and allelic richness of form populations are positively correlated with lake size and negatively correlated with modal length of mature fish, so that the dwarf form typically has the highest, and the large form, the lowest indices of genetic variation. The latter effect might be caused by differences in life histories, thus reflecting adaptive divergence. Sympatric forms have differently segregated gene pools (FST = 0.030–0.497, RST = 0.011–0.440) and restricted (m = 0.002–0.042) typically asymmetric long-term gene flow. The level of reproductive isolation among forms assessed using putatively neutral microsatellite loci is correlated with their differentiation in morphology, including trophic-related gill raker number, and with lake depth (i.e., with segregation of diets and with habitat diversity), which corresponds to “isolation-by-adaptation” pattern. Our data suggest that the advance in speciation stage apparently more depends upon ecological opportunities of lake ecosystems than upon their age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".