Effect of Alternative Electrolytes on Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Hexavalent Chromium in Clayey Soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Hexavalent chromium is mobile and hazardous in the environment. Electrokinetic remediation of chromium (IV)-contaminated soils is intended either to remove or to reduce Cr (VI) to Cr (III). This study examines the effectiveness of utilizing EDTA and acetic acid solutions as alternative electrolytes in the electrokinetic (EK) process, with coupled nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI) as a barrier for the remediation of Cr (VI)-contaminated clay. An nZVI barrier was installed adjacent to the anode, and different electrolyte solutions (0.1 M EDTA and 1 M acetic acid) were used to investigate the effect of both on the electrokinetic remediation efficiency. Soil was contaminated to 300 ppm of Cr (IV), and a constant DC voltage gradient of 1 V/cm was applied to the soil sample for 72 h. It was found that an nZVI permeable reactive barrier (PRB) could improve the Cr (VI) remediation efficiency and reduce electrical energy consumption. Results also showed that acetic acid as electrolyte promoted the reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III), while EDTA application as electrolyte led to more chromium removal and reduction than an EK-nZVI barrier.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".