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Citrus Oils and Essences

2012· other· en· W1696253127 on OpenAlex
Fereidoon Shahidi, Ying Zhong

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueKirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology · 2012
Typeother
Languageen
FieldAgricultural and Biological Sciences
TopicEssential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Canadian institutionsMemorial University of Newfoundland
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCitrus fruitRutaceaeCosmeticsFood scienceOil storageChemistryPulp and paper industryEnvironmental scienceHorticultureBiologyOrganic chemistryEngineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Citrus fruits are among the most popular fruits and have a long history of production and use. However, within the past century, industrial technologies have began to develop in order to convert citrus fruits into commercial products. Citrus has proven to be a very good option for oil and essence production. Citrus peel oils are of a very complex composition and are contained in oval, balloon‐shaped oil sacs, or vesicles locate in the outer rind, or flavedo, of the fruit The oil is usually extracted by mechanical separation or hydrodistillation.Citrus seeds are regarded as a new source of oil. The seed oil is recovered from the seeds by crushing and solvent extraction. Citrus essences are distilled aqueous solutions of more volatile components from the corresponding citrus juices.Citrus peel oils are used widely in beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and the perfumery industry. Seed oils are used in cooking and the treatment of leather and textiles. Quality and freshness are the major considerations pertaining to their value and applications. Most of the qualitative changes in citrus peel oil occur during storage.Storage changes and chemical composition of the citrus oils are described. Despite increasing application of these oils, certain challenges related to potential health‐damaging properties and contamination exist. These health and safety factors are discussed.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.761
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0010.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.005
GPT teacher head0.196
Teacher spread0.191 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it