Neurobehavioral symptoms in ALS are negatively related to caregivers’ burden and quality of life
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of neurobehavioral symptoms related to FTLD in a consecutive series of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and to assess their influence on patients' and caregivers' mood, burden, and quality of life. METHODS: A total of 70 couples of ALS patients and their caregivers consecutively seen in our ALS clinic were separately interviewed using a battery of tests assessing frontotemporal-related neurobehavioral symptoms, emotional status, and quality of life. Patients' behavioral abnormalities were assessed with the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe). Caregiver burden was assessed with the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI). RESULTS: According to caregivers' evaluations, 34 (48.6%) patients had FrSBe pathological scores at the time of the interview. According to patients' evaluation, 9 (12.9%) patients had pathological scores at the time of the interview. In caregivers' assessment, at the time of the interview the most commonly impaired neurobehavioral domain was apathy (39 patients, 55.7%), followed by executive dysfunction (32, 45.7%) and disinhibition (18, 25.7%). Neurobehavioral symptoms were related to the presence of bulbar symptoms at the time of the interview, but not to patients' age, gender, or physical status (ALS-FRS score). Patients' neurobehavioral symptoms were significantly related to lower caregivers' quality of life, highest depression, and highest burden, both in univariate and in multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Neurobehavioral symptoms were present in 50% of our ALS patients and were related to bulbar symptoms. They have a profound negative impact on caregivers' psychological status and were highly related with caregivers' burden.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".