An experimental and computational assessment of blockage effects on wind turbine wake development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to evaluate the initial wake expansion in scaled wind turbine tests as a means to guide future wake interference studies. Five scaled wind turbine rotors with different diameters were designed for testing in a closed‐loop water channel to evaluate the effects of blockage on the initial wake expansion behind a wind turbine. The initial wake expansion was assessed by using quantitative dye visualization to identify the propagation of tip vortices downstream of the rotor. The thrust coefficient developed by the scaled models was recorded using a six‐component balance and was correlated to the downstream wake expansion. The rotors used in the experiment were operated at a tip speed ratio of 6, a Reynolds number based on the tip speed and tip chord of approximately 23,000 and resulted in blockage values that ranged from 6% to 25%. Dye visualization indicated that the initial wake expansion downstream of a rotor was narrowed and that tip vortex pairing behaviour was modified because of increasing blockage. Blockage effects were significant and resulted in a wake that was more than 50% narrower when blockage was 25% compared with the observed expansion with 10% blockage. A computational simulation was conducted with the Generalized Unsteady Vortex Particle (GENUVP) discrete vortex method code using the rotor in freestream conditions and was compared with the experiments. The magnitude of the wake expansion in the freestream computations was similar to the wake expansion in the experiment when blockage was less than 10%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".