Surfactant Associated Bacteria in the Sea Surface Microlayer: Case Studies in the Straits of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico
Bibliographic record
Abstract
. Certain genera of bacteria found in the near-surface layer of the ocean can be involved in the production and decay of surface active materials (surfactants), resulting in slicks on the sea surface. Slicks can be observed with airborne or satellite-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Here, we report results that point to a connection between the presence of surfactant-producing bacteria in the upper layer of the ocean and slicks, observed visually and in SAR imagery of the sea surface. From DNA analysis of in situ samples taken during RADARSAT-2 satellite overpass in the Straits of Florida during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, we found a higher abundance of known surfactant-producing bacteria in the slick compared to the nonslick area; furthermore, a higher abundance of these bacteria were observed in the water column compared to those taken from the sea surface. Surfactants produced by marine bacteria in the organic matter-rich water column can then be transported to the sea surface through diffusion or advection. Within a certain range of wind-wave conditions, the organic materials (such as dissolved oil) in the water column processed by surfactant-associated bacteria can, thus, be monitored with high-resolution remote sensing techniques.Résumé. Certains genres de bactéries présents près de la surface de l'océan peuvent être impliqués dans la production et la décomposition de matières actives à la surface (agents tensioactifs), causant des films sur la surface de l'océan. Ces films peuvent être observés à l'aide de radars à synthèse d'ouverture (RSO) aéroportés ou satellitaires. Ici, nous rapportons des résultats qui suggèrent un lien entre la présence de bactéries productrices d'agents tensioactifs dans la couche supérieure de l'océan et des films observés visuellement et dans l'imagerie RSO de la surface de l'océan. À partir d'analyses d'ADN provenant d'échantillons in situ pris lors du passage du satellite RADARSAT-2 au-dessus du détroit de Floride au cours du déversement de pétrole de la plateforme Deepwater Horizon en 2010, nous avons trouvé une plus grande abondance de bactéries connues comme productrices d'agents tensioactifs dans la nappe par rapport à la zone à l'extérieur de la nappe. En outre, une plus grande abondance de ces bactéries a été observée dans la colonne d'eau par rapport à la surface. Les agents tensioactifs produits par les bactéries marines dans la colonne d'eau riche en matière organique peuvent ensuite être transportés à la surface de l'océan par diffusion ou advection. Dans une certaine gamme de conditions de vent et de vagues, les matières organiques (tels que le pétrole dissous) dans la colonne d'eau transformées par des bactéries qui sont associées à des agents tensioactifs peuvent ainsi être surveillées par des techniques de télédétection à haute résolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".