Solidarity after Bhopal: Building a Transnational Environmental Justice Movement
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article documents the history of the U.S.-based campaign that emerged around the ongoing Bhopal disaster, since the 2001 merger of Union Carbide Corporation (Union Carbide) and the Dow Chemical Company (Dow). Based on interviews with key organizers and former and current campaigners in the United States and in Bhopal, the article discusses how this movement has worked to keep the Bhopal disaster alive and relevant for its three target constituencies in the United States. By appealing to social and environmental justice (EJ) groups, students, and the Indian diaspora, the campaign has won small victories in India and has challenged Dow's greenwashing attempts. Members of the diaspora have been instrumental in setting in motion what scholars have called the boomerang effect through exerting pressure on the Indian government. We also see the double boomerang at work in the United States when EJ activists make strategic references to Bhopal in times of crisis. More needs to be done, however, to build a sustained transnational EJ resistance to acknowledge the ongoing impact of toxics on people and their environments.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it