Determination of paper degradation by-products by direct injection on an HPLC column
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The by-products of the thermal degradation of insulating paper include 2-furfural, 2-acetylfuran and 5-methyl-2-furfural. These furanic compounds are usually isolated by subjecting the insulating oil to a pretreatment stage on a silica solid-phase cartridge, or liquid-liquid extraction (IEC 1198) before analyzing them by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, these procedures are time-consuming and not very practical. This paper describes an alternative analytical method, also based on HPLC, but not requiring pretreatment. The insulating oil is injected directly on a PRP-1 column. The furanic by-products are eluted in less than 20 min when a mixture of water and acetonitrile (75:25, v/v) is used as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.5 cm/sup 3//min. The by-products are detected by ultraviolet. In-service transformer oils have been analyzed by the new method and the results compared to those obtained using the IEC method as well as others obtained by a private laboratory. The paper stresses the simplicity and, in particular, the increase in productivity offered by the proposed method.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it