“These Japanese continuously violated the alien-contract labour laws”: The Gendered Paths of Labourers, Farmers, and Housewives from Japan Traversing the Canada-U.S. Border in the Early Twentieth Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
From the mid-1890s to the mid-1920s, a number of women and men from Japan landed in two Canadian seaports, Vancouver and Victoria, and after varying periods of time crossed the border to the United States. Evidence derived from an analysis of quantitative and qualitative sources sheds light on the different experiences passage across the Canada-U.S. border entailed for men and women. While the border’s porous nature at the beginning of this period provided a double opportunity for a substantial number of Japanese male migrants, for women the presence or sponsorship of a spouse was essential to their passage across the border. Such findings ostensibly strengthen the conventional view that Japanese men played active roles in migration and that Japanese women were marginal in this movement. However, evidence also points to the salient, and indeed indispensable, role of Japanese women in the emergence of new communities on both sides of the border. Du milieu des annees 1890 au milieu des annees 1920, un certain nombre de Japonaises et de Japonais ont debarque dans les ports de mer canadiens de Vancouver et de Victoria, choisissant a divers moments par la suite de franchir la frontiere vers les Etats-Unis. Des donnees tirees d'une analyse de sources quantitatives et qualitatives nous eclairent sur l'experience differente que vivaient les hommes et les femmes de leur traversee de la frontiere canado-americaine. La porosite de la frontiere au debut de cette periode ouvrait une double porte a un tres grand nombre d’immigrants japonais de sexe masculin, ce qui n'etait pas le cas pour les femmes, dont la presence ou le parrainage d'un epoux etait imperative a leur traversee de la frontiere. De tels resultats renforcent ostensiblement l'explication classique voulant que les hommes japonais jouerent alors un role actif dans la migration et que les Japonaises n'en jouerent qu'un marginal dans ce mouvement. Mais les donnees tendent aussi a demontrer que les Japonaises ont joue un role de premier plan, voire indispensable, dans l'emergence de nouvelles communautes des deux cotes de la frontiere.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".