The impacts of urban pollution on the immune system of spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) in the St. Lawrence River.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The impacts of municipal sewage on the immune status of feral fish species are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition and phagocytosis indices of wild spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) collected at upstream and downstream sites (spanning 150 km distance) from a populated urban area in the Saint-Law-rence River (Montréal, Québec, Canada). Shiners were collected, analyzed for fish weight/fork length, both resting and active phagocytosis activities in leukocytes. Samples of surface waters at the sampling site were also collected for fecal coliform counts. The results revealed that coliform levels followed a significant upstream-downstream correlation and fish collected at downstream sites had lower condition factor (g/cm). Resting and active phagocytosis activity was significantly positively correlated with fecal coliform levels suggesting that ambient bacterial levels stimulated phagocytosis activity. Normalization of both resting and active phagocytosis activity against fecal bacteria counts revealed an immunosuppressive effect in shiners collected downstream the city’s municipal wastewater outflow. In conclusion, the immune system of spottail shiners is affected by urban pollution and reflects the cumulative contribution of exposure to bacteria and urban effluent contaminants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".